zhang411190585 106.92.240.* 2015-10-08 17:14:48 |
8月份CPI達到2%,而一年期定期存款利率在經過過去一年央行的連續下調后,目前已降到1.75%,至此實際利率(定期存款利率減去CPI)為-0.25%。這意味著時隔5年后我國再次進入實際負利率時代。利率是經濟金融體系的核心指標。在利率市場化快速推進的過程中,實際負利率凸顯宏觀經濟下行壓力較大以及央行政策操作的艱難。
1990年以來,我國實際負利率時期有四段。從形成機制上來講,都是由于物資短缺或者經濟過熱引發通脹快速攀升到存款利率以上形成的,隨著央行的緊縮貨幣政策逐步實施,實際利率都很快轉正。
相比之下,本次負利率有所不同。盡管2014年底開始央行**降息降準,利率一路下行,但由于人口紅利逐漸消退后的勞動力成本不斷上升,正驅動通貨膨脹率單邊緩慢上行,以至于存款利率再度低于通貨膨脹率。
本次實際負利率發生在宏觀經濟結構性與周期性共同主導的趨勢性下行階段。近年來實體經濟去產能、去杠桿的任務較為艱巨,但實際上企業部門整體杠桿率卻不降反升,由此形成兩個關聯的重要風險,即債務規模過大、社會融資成本過高。到2015年二季度為止,非金融業上市公司加權平均ROIC(全****率,是度量企業經營效率最重要的指標)已經低于5%,而加權平均融資成本在6%附近。
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